Introgression-The interbreeding of individuals from two or more populations that were isolated for a long evolutionary time but are not yet reproductively isolated. Gene flow-The movement of individuals and their genetic material from one population to another population. Principal components-A set of uncorrelated variables derived from the original data set through linear transformations, which maximize the variance between samples and reduce the dimensionality of the data while preserving the most important information. Individuals with shared genetic ancestry tend to be more genetically similar. Genetic ancestry-The genealogical paths through which an individual inherits DNA from specific ancestors in a reference population. Genetic cline-A gradual change of allele frequencies over a specified geographic area. Population bottleneck-An event that drastically reduces the effective size of a population, leading to increased genetic drift. Haplotype-A set of linked genetic variants that are coinherited. Serial founder effect-The successive loss of genetic variation when populations are sequentially founded by a small number of individuals. Out-of-Africa (OOA) model -Hypothesis that anatomically modern humans evolved in Africa and subsequently peopled the rest of the world. Population structure-Systematic differences in allele frequencies between subpopulations.Īdmixture-The interbreeding of individuals from two or more subpopulations that were isolated for a relatively short evolutionary time. N e determines the strength of genetic drift acting on a population. Linkage disequilibrium (LD)-The nonrandom association of two alleles at different loci.Įffective population size ( N e)-The number of breeding individuals in an idealized randomly mating population. Finally, we explore the biomedical implications of population structure in Africa on health and disease and call for more ethically conducted studies of genetic variation in Africa. Third, we highlight how natural selection has shaped patterns of genetic variation across the continent, noting that gene flow provides a potent source of adaptive variation and that selective pressures vary across Africa. Furthermore, the genomic signatures of more recent admixture can be found in the Cape Peninsula and throughout the African diaspora. This includes gene flow between different click-speaking Khoe-San populations, the stepwise spread of pastoralism from eastern to southern Africa, multiple migrations of Bantu speakers across the continent, as well as admixture from the Middle East and Europe into the Sahel region and North Africa. Second, we describe the genetic legacies of admixture events that have occurred during the past 10,000 years. First, we give a brief overview of genetic variation in Africa and examine deep population structure within Africa, including the evidence of ancient introgression from archaic “ghost” populations. Each of these historical vignettes paints a recurring picture of population divergence followed by secondary contact. In this review, we view population genetics through the lens of admixture, highlighting how multiple demographic events have shaped African genomes. Importantly, African genomes are heterogeneous: They contain mixtures of multiple ancestries, each of which have experienced different evolutionary histories. Item 7 - Choose what languages are spoken in your business/at your location.As the ancestral homeland of our species, Africa contains elevated levels of genetic diversity and substantial population structure.Item 6 - Suggest a new business that should be in the list.Item 5 - Select what type of marker will show up on the global map.Item 4 - Add the image you want to display for your location.Item 3 - Add the link of your website.Item 6 - Select the calendars that will be available at this location.Item 5 - If Google maps API does not display the correct address, but the marker is in the right position, you can enter manually the address you want to display. Item 4 - You can drag the marker on the map to point the exact location and to select the address.Google maps API will display hints depending on what you insert. Item 3 - Enter the address of the location.Step 1 - Select the location from the list to display the data.Step 1 - Click the "plus" button to add a new location.Īfter you clicked the button, the location will appear in the list below.Each location can have multiple calendars which is ideal for business models that need to create more of them.Ī location will display in Search Google map results if the assigned calendars are available. In this back end section you can create locations on a Google map, and add calendars to it.
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